{"id":1464,"date":"2025-12-08T01:56:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-08T01:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fljpcb.com\/?p=1464"},"modified":"2025-12-08T01:58:01","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T01:58:01","slug":"how-to-optimise-pcb-cost-by-choosing-copper-thickness-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fljpcb.com\/ar\/how-to-optimise-pcb-cost-by-choosing-copper-thickness-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

As a primary raw material, the amount of copper used directly determines the substrate cost of a PCB. As the board size or layer count increases, thicker copper layers consume significantly more raw material. For instance, in multilayer heavy copper<\/a> designs, copper usage multiplies rapidly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 3 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d: \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 0.50 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 0.50 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 3 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 1.50 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 1.50. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 30% \u0625\u0644\u0649 50%\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Copper<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631<\/td>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d<\/td>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626.<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/td>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, to optimize costs, \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a <\/a>typically advises clients\u00a0to choose the minimum copper thickness that meets their electrical and thermal performance requirements, thus avoiding unnecessary trouble and<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631, t<\/u>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645<\/u><\/a>, \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0623)<\/strong><\/td>\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647 (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3 \u0623<\/td>35 (1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629)<\/td><\/tr>
\u062d\u062a\u0649 6 \u0623<\/td>70 (2 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629)<\/td><\/tr>
\u062d\u062a\u0649 10 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>105 (3 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629)<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/u><\/a>, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 50 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 30-35 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f 5 \u0648\u0627\u0637. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641: \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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- \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>2 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 Tg<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/u><\/a>, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 3 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/td>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/td>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/td><\/tr>
\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/td>\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O<\/u>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/u><\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"copper<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 IPC-2221<\/u><\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a IPC-2152 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u062a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/a><\/td>\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a IPC-2221 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/td><\/tr>
    \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631<\/td>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/u><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/u><\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 1 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631 Philifast \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      When our clients design printed circuit boards, they often face the challenge of optimising costs while maintaining reliable electrical performance. Copper thickness directly influences both the price and function of every\u00a0PCB.\u00a0By making informed decisions, you can avoid unnecessary expenses\u00a0while ensuring reliable performance. Copper Thickness and PCB Cost Increasing copper thickness will increase PCB costs from […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1465,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,60,61],"tags":[54,62,51],"class_list":["post-1464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pcb-design","category-pcb-manufacturing","category-pcb-technology","tag-circuit-board","tag-heavy-copper-pcb","tag-pcb-manufacturing"],"yoast_head":"\nHow to optimise PCB cost by Choosing Copper Thickness<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fljpcb.com\/ar\/how-to-optimise-pcb-cost-by-choosing-copper-thickness-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to optimise PCB cost by Choosing Copper Thickness\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When our clients design printed circuit boards, they often face the challenge of optimising costs while maintaining reliable electrical performance. Copper thickness directly influences both the price and function of every\u00a0PCB.\u00a0By making informed decisions, you can avoid unnecessary expenses\u00a0while ensuring reliable performance. 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